Friday, October 28, 2011

Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease is common and often deadly caused by mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most infections in humans in the outcome of infection, latent asymptomatic, and about one in ten latent infections eventually progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than half of the victims.

Under high magnification 15549x, this colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted some ultra detailed look at the configuration of the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As an obligate aerobic organism M. tuberculosis can only survive in an environment containing oxygen. These bacteria are long ranged between 2-4 microns, and the width between 0.2 - 0.5 micron.

Classic symptoms are chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs causing various symptoms. The diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), tuberculin skin tests, blood tests, as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of bodily fluids. Treatment is difficult and requires long courses of some antibiotics. Contacts are also screened and treated if necessary. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in the (wide) multi-drug-resistant TB. Prevention relies on screening programs and vaccination, usually with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine.

One third of the world population is estimated to be infected with M. tuberculosis'''', and new infections occur at a rate of about one per second. with many symptoms that overlap with other variants, while others are more (but not all) specific to a particular variant. Some variants may be present simultaneously.

When the disease becomes active, 75% of pulmonary TB cases, ie, TB in the lungs. Symptoms include chest pain, coughing up blood, and cough, productive prolonged for more than three weeks. Systemic symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, pallor, fatigue and often the tendency is very easy. This occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed people and children. Pulmonary infection sites include the pleura in tuberculosis pleurisy, the central nervous system in meningitis, the lymphatic system in scrofula of the neck, the genitourinary system in urogenital tuberculosis, and bones and joints in Pott's disease of the spine. A very serious form of disseminated TB, more commonly known as miliary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis can coexist with pulmonary TB as well.

Studies utilizing DNA fingerprinting of M.'' Tuberculosis strains'' have shown that reinfection greater contribution to TB relapse than previously thought, with between 12% and 77% of cases are due to re-infection (rather than reactivation).

Tuberculosis is one of the three major diseases of poverty along with AIDS and malaria. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS began in 2002 to raise finance to cope with infectious diseases. Globalization has led to increased opportunities for spread of disease. In 2007, a fear of tuberculosis occurred when Andrew Speaker flew on transatlantic flights infected with multi-drug resistant TB.

1 comment:

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