Kidney transplant

Kidneys are one of God's gift of organs which should always be thankful for, the kidney was instrumental in the process of urinaria body. Kidney damage can interfere with the secretion system so that the presence of kidney function need to be kept for a maximum.

Kidney damage occurs in stages The stages of decline in kidney function, namely:

* Kidney damage minimal

* Mild kidney damage

* Kidney damage is

* Severe kidney damage

* Kidney failure (renal function <15%)

Kidney failure can occur because of primary disorders such as kidney infection, kidney stone blockage, abnormal kidney failure, or complications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

Examination must be done to detect impaired renal function:

1. Blood tests (blood cell levels, urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium, phosphorus, calcium)

2. Urine (microscopic and protein)

3. Kidney x-rays

4. Kidney ultrasound

5. Renal biopsy

Kidney transplant

Kidney transplantation in principle is to move the healthy kidneys into patients with kidney failure. The new kidney will be placed in the cavity of the ileum and kidney blood vessels connecting the new with the patient, then with (the urethra) ureter. The success of new kidney transplant is marked with the discharge of urine from the kidney. Kidney failure usually does not need to be taken but if it causes an infection, the kidneys need to be removed. For surgical removal of the kidney may take 2-3 hours.

While the kidney transplant operation itself takes 2-3 hours.

The advantages of kidney transplantation is no need to bother with washing the blood up to 2-3 times in 1 week so improve the quality of life.

Kidney transplantation is the best way of treatment of kidney failure in which a healthy kidney to replace the two kidney pain in patients with renal failure. Kidney transplant results can last for 40 years if well cared for. One people with kidney failure to perform kidney transplants a maximum of 4 times. Minimum age of transplant recipients for kidney donors is 70-80 years.

After kidney transplantation, donor-recipient must take drugs commonly called anti departure for the long term.

These drugs work for the body to accept the new organs transplanted.

Before the kidney transplant operation, need to be carried out such inspections:

* Routine blood

* Routine urine

* Blood tests

* ECG and ultrasound

* Endoscopy

* X-ray

* Examination of heart

* Check the network (HLA) and Antibody (PRA)

There are 3 types of donor kidney transplant:

- Donor family

- Donor non-family

- Donors from people who have died

Take care and love your kidneys as early as possible. Due to perform kidney transplant surgery, it takes no small cost.

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Failed Kidney Disease

Failed Kidney Disease

Failed Kidney Disease is a disease in which kidney function has decreased until finally no longer able to work at all in terms of screening electrolyte disposal of the body, maintain fluid balance and body chemicals such as sodium and potassium in the blood or urine production.

Kidney disease can affect anyone who suffers serious illness or injury where it impacts directly on the kidney itself. Kidney disease more often experienced those aged adults, especially in the elderly.

A. Kidney Failure Causes

The occurrence of renal failure caused by some serious diseases that in sustained by the body which gradually affects the kidney organ damage. As for some diseases that often affect kidney damage include:
Disease of high blood pressure (Hypertension)
Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Mellitus)
The blockage of the urinary tract (stones, tumors, narrowing / stricture)
Autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus
Suffering from cancer (cancer)
Kidney disorders, where there has been development of many cysts on the kidney organ itself (polycystic kidney disease)
Damage to filters in the kidney cells either by infection or inflammation due to the impact of high blood diseases. Medical term called glomerulonephritis.

As for other diseases that also can cause renal failure if not quickly addressed among others, that many of the sudden loss of fluids (vomiting, bleeding, burns), as well as other diseases such as lung disease (TB), syphilis, malaria, hepatitis, preeclampsia, Drugs and amyloidosis.

Kidney disease develops slowly towards a worsening in which the kidneys no longer able to work as function. In medicine, known as 2 different types of attacks to kidney failure, acute and chronic.

B. Signs and Symptoms of Renal Failure Disease

The signs and symptoms of kidney failure experienced by patients in acute among others: Swollen eyes, legs, severe back pain (colic), urinary pain, fever, urinating a little, red urine / blood, frequent urination. Abnormalities of Urine: Protein, Blood / Erythrocytes, White Blood Cells / leucocytes, bacteria.

While the signs and symptoms that may arise by the presence of chronic renal failure include: weakness, no energy, appetite, nausea, vomiting, swelling, decreased urination, itching, shortness of breath, pale / anemia. Abnormalities of urine: Protein, erythrocytes, leukocytes. Lab examination abnormalities. Other: blood creatinine increased, hemoglobin decreased, Urine: protein is always positive.

C. Determination of Renal Failure Diagnosis

A doctor once asked medical history and signs and symptoms that arise, to determine the presence / occurrence of renal failure then he will perform a physical examination that focused on the possibility of kidney organ enlargement or swelling around the kidneys. If the suspected occurrence of impaired kidney function, then the patient will be consulted to a kidney specialist (Nephrologist).

Further laboratory examination either blood or urine in order to view the content of electrolytes sodium and potassium / potassium. In certain cases the medical team may perform the installation of a catheter tube into the urine bag (bladder) to remove the urine. If necessary, the medical team will recommend examination of shooting kidney structure using Ultrasound, Computed tomography (CT) scans or by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. There's even the possibility of action biopsy, namely sampling (sample) kidney tissue.

D. Kidney Failure Treatment and Handling

Handling and treatment of renal failure depends on the cause of the failure of kidney function itself. In essence, the goal of treatment is to control the symptoms, minimizing complications and slowing disease progression. For example, a patient may need a diet low intake of sodium, potassium, protein and fluids. If the cause is unknown is the impact of other diseases, the doctor will give medicine or therapy such as administration of drugs for the treatment of hypertension, anemia, or possibly high cholesterol.

Someone who experienced failure of kidney function monitored very necessary income (intake) and expenditure (output) of fluid, so the action and the medications given can be done well. In some serious cases, patients will be advised or given blood laundering {haemodialisa (dialysis)}. Another possibility is to act kidney transplantation or kidney transplantation.

E. Esophageal Disease Precautions

We are in a state of "feeling well" at least expected to do a medicine / control / laboratory. Whereas those who declared in a kidney disorder, whether mild or moderate expected to be cautious in consuming drug rheumatic drugs such as drugs, certain antibiotics and immediately treated if infected, Avoid dehydration (vomiting), Control periodically. Hopefully this article useful to you in need, Thanks.

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Malaria Disease

Malaria Disease

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite which is Plasmodium class, where the process is transmitted through the bite of Anopheles mosquito. Protozoan parasites of this type spread in many tropical regions, for example in the Americas, Asia and Africa.

There are four types of plasmodium parasites are able to infect humans, but which are often encountered in cases of malaria are Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Others are Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae.

Signs and symptoms of malaria disease

The period of bud / incubation of this disease can be a few days to several months later appeared before the signs and symptoms complained of by patients such as fever, chills, shooting pain or joint pain, sometimes up to vomit, looked pale / anemis, enlarged liver and spleen, urine looks cloudy / thick because they contain hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), felt tingling in the skin and having spasms.

However, it is revealed classic signs of feeling a sudden chill, followed by stiffness and then the appearance of fever and sweating a lot after 4 to 6 hours later, this takes place every two days. Among this period, the patient may feel healthy as before. At the age of the children malaria attack can cause strange symptoms, such as showing movement / posture as a result of abnormal brain cavity pressure. Even more seriously can lead to brain damage.

Classification of Disease Manifestation of Malaria

There are several forms of malaria disease manifestations, among others:
- Tertiana Malaria, caused by Plasmodium vivax, in which patients feel the fever appears every third day.
- Quartana Malaria, caused by Plasmodium malariae, the patient felt a fever every fourth day.
- Cerebral malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, patients experience irregular fever with symptoms terserangnya part of the brain, even drifting into a sudden coma and death.
- Pernicious malaria, caused by Plasmodium vivax, symptoms can arise very suddenly, like a stroke, coma accompanied by symptoms of severe malaria.

Enforcing Malaria Diagnosis

With the signs and symptoms complained of and seen by the health team, it will be soon conducted laboratory tests (especially blood tests) to determine the cause and diagnosis to be given to patients.

Malaria Treatment

Based on the examination, either directly from the complaints that arise as well as more focused on results laboratium then the doctor will give you some medicine to patients. Among them is the administration of drugs to lower fever such as paracetamol, vitamins to increase endurance in an attempt to help the healing.

While the antimalarial drug Chloroquine is usually used is because the price is cheap and so far proven effective as a cure for malaria in the world. But there are some patients who are resistant to the granting of Chloroquine, so some doctors will give others like Artesunate-Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine antimalarial, artesunate-amodiaquine, Artesunat-piperquine, artemether-lumefantrine, and Dihidroartemisinin-piperquine.

Malaria Prevention

Prevention of malaria can be done with cleaning Nest Mosquito (PSN), trying to avoid mosquito bites, or the prevention efforts by the administration of drugs Chloroquine when visiting malaria endemic areas.

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus is transmitted through mosquito bites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which causes disturbances in capillary blood vessels and the blood clotting system, resulting in bleeding-bleeding.

The disease is commonly found tropical areas like Southeast Asia, India, Brazil, the United States including in the all corners of Indonesia, except in places a height of more than 1000 meters above sea level. Physicians and other health personnel such as midwives and ;-) Mantrihas diagnosis is often wrong in the rule, because the tendency of early symptoms that resemble other illnesses such as flu and Tipes (Typhoid).

Signs and Symptoms of Dengue Fever Disease

The period of bud / incubation for 3-15 days after a person stricken with dengue virus, then the patient will reveal a variety of signs and symptoms of dengue fever as follows:

1. A sudden high fever 2-7 days (38-40 degrees Celsius).
2. On examination torniquet test, looked the larva (puspura) bleeding.
3. The presence of bleeding dikelopak inner eye (conjunctiva), nosebleed (Epitaksis), Dispose of water with feces (Peaces) in the form of mucus mixed with blood (melena), and others.
4. Happened liver enlargement (hepatomegaly).
5. Decreased blood pressure, causing shock.
6. In laboratory tests (blood) day to 3-7 a decline in platelets below 100,000 / mm3 (thrombocytopenia), an increase in hematocrit values ​​above 20% of normal value (hemokonsentrasi).
7. The emergence of several clinical symptoms that accompany such as nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite (anorexia), stomachache, diarrhea, chills, seizures and headaches.
8. Was bleeding at the nose (nosebleeds) and gums.
9. Fever sufferers perceived cause complaints soreness / pain in the joints.
10.Munculnya red spots on the skin due to rupture of blood vessels.

The process of Dengue Disease Transmission

The spread of dengue disease transmitted through mosquito bites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, so that the region already known of the dengue attack will probably have other people will be able to cause outbreaks even remarkable for the surrounding population.

Treatment of Dengue Fever Disease

The focus of treatment in patients with DHF is to overcome the bleeding, prevent or treat shock / presyok, namely to try to get people with a lot to drink about 1.5 to 2 liters of water in 24 hours (water tea and sugar syrup or milk).

The addition of body fluids through an IV (intravenous) may be needed to prevent dehydration and excessive hemokonsentrasi. Platelet transfusions performed if the platelet count dropped dramatically. Next is the provision of drugs to complaints that arise, for example:
- Paracetamol helps reduce fever
- Electrolyte Salts (ORS) if accompanied by diarrhea
- Antibiotics are useful to prevent secondary infection

Apply cold compress, do not need the ice because it could have an impact shock. Even some of the medical team can recommend a compress made with alcohol. Alternative medicine is commonly known by drinking guava juice bangkok, but efficacy has not been proved in a medical, but in reality guava intravenous fluids to restore and increase the value of blood platelets.

Prevention of Dengue Fever Disease

Prevention is by avoiding mosquito bites at a time when the morning until the afternoon, because the aedes mosquito is active during the day (not night). For example, avoid being in a location that many mosquitoes in the daytime, especially in areas that have his DHF patients. Some of the most effective way in preventing disease through a method of controlling dengue or vector control are:

1. Mosquito eradication nest (PSN), solid waste management, modification places. mosquito breeding byproduct of human activity, and improving home design.
2. Maintenance of larvae-eating fish (fighting fish / fish Betta splendens) in place of water ponds, and bacteria (Bt.H-14).
3. Fumigation / fogging (using Malathion and fenthion).
4. Giving abate powder (temephos) in places such as water reservoirs, water barrels, flower vases, ponds, and others.

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Asthma

Asthma

Asthma  is a chronic disease (chronic) that attacks the respiratory tract (bronchiale) in the lung where there is inflammation (inflammatory) bronchiale cavity wall causing narrowing of the airways that eventually someone experiencing shortness of breath. Asthma is most prevalent in developed countries, especially the high levels of air pollution from vehicle fumes and dust of the desert.

Causes of Asthma

Until now the cause of asthma is not clearly known despite numerous studies by experts. Theory or hypothesis about the cause of someone suffering from asthma has not been agreed upon by experts in the world of health.

However, the conclusion is that the respiratory tract in patients with asthma have unique properties that is very sensitive to various stimuli (bronchial hyperreactivity = hipereaktivitas airways) such as air pollution (smoke, dust, chemicals), pollen, cold air, food, furry animals, mental stress, odor / aroma (eg, perfume) and sports.

In addition, the occurrence of asthma attacks as a result of the impact of patients experienced upper respiratory infections (ARI), either cold or sinisitis. Asthma attacks can also be experienced by some women to the days of the menstrual cycle, it is extremely rare.

Figures associated with increased asthma risk factors supporting the existence of a person suffering from asthma, such as heredity. If a mother or father suffered from asthma, chances are the people with asthma in family members.

Signs and Symptoms of Asthma

The signs and symptoms of asthma include:

- Respiratory sounds (wheezing / wheezing / asthma) especially when breathing out (exhalation). Not all people with asthma have respiratory sounds, and not everyone is breathing terdegar wheezing is asthma sufferers!
- The shortness of breath due to narrowing of bronchi channel (bronchiale).
- Persistent cough at night or in cold weather.
- The patient complaints of chest felt tight ..
- The attack caused severe asthma sufferer can not speak because of the difficulty in regulating breathing.

At the age of the children, initial symptoms may include itching dirongga chest or neck. During an asthma attack, feeling excessive anxiety of patients can worsen the condition was. As a reaction to anxiety, patients will also be spending a lot of sweat.

How to Avoid Asthma Attacks

Appropriate measures that can be done to avoid an asthma attack is away from the causative factors that trigger asthma attacks itself. Each patient generally has its own characteristics to things that trigger asthma attacks.

After the occurrence of asthma attacks, if the patient has felt to breathe but it is advisable to continue with appropriate treatment and dosage of drugs given by doctors.

Handling and Asthma Treatment

Asthma has yet to be treated completely, this means that an asthma attack can occur in the future. Handling and delivery of drugs to patients with asthma were as action arising out against the attacks which are adjusted to the severity of signs and symptoms themselves. The basic principle of handling an asthma attack is by giving both drugs injection (hydrocortisone), syrup, Ventolin (salbutamol) or nebulizer (gas salbutamol) to help loosen respiratory tract.

In mild cases where the perceived existence of the complaints that lead to the symptoms of asthma attacks or to prevent further attacks, the medical team or doctor will give medicine like Aminophylin and Prednisolone tablets. For people with asthma, it is suggested to them to provide / store inhaled medications (Ventolin Inhaler) wherever they are which can help loosen respiratory tract when his attack.

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Low Blood Diseases (Hypotension)

Low Blood Diseases (Hypotension)

Low blood disease or hypotension (hypotension) is a condition where a person's blood pressure dropped below the normal rate, reaching a low value of 90/60 mmHg. It has been described in previous articles (high blood diseases) that the normal value of a person's blood pressure with height, weight, level of normal activity and health in general is 120/80 mmHg.

However, some people may have a value of blood pressure (tension) in the range 110/90 mm Hg or 100/80 mm Hg, but they do not / have not or rarely reveal some significant complaints, so it is perceived in ordinary daily activities. If the condition continues, supported by several factors that enable trigger a significant decrease in blood pressure such as sweat and urinate a lot but less drinking, lack of sleep or less rest (tired of the excessive activity) as well as excessive menstrual bleeding (abnormal), then blood pressure will achieve low threshold (hypotension) 90/60 mmHg.

Signs and Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure

Someone who is experiencing low blood pressure generally will complain about the situation often dizziness, frequent yawning, sometimes perceived lack of clear vision (firefly), especially after a long sit and walk, cold sweat, feel tired no powerful, even experienced recurrent fainting.

On general examination beats / palpable pulse is weak, the patient was pale, this is due to the blood supply that is not the maximum tissue throughout the body.

Causes of Low Blood Diseases

There are several factors that cause why the decrease of blood pressure monitor, this can be categorized as follows:

- Lack of pumping blood from the heart. The more blood pumped from the heart each minute (cardiac output, cardiac output), the higher the blood pressure. Someone who has a disorder / heart disease resulting in abnormal heart rhythm, damage to or dysfunction of heart muscle, heart valve disease, the impact on lowering the blood pumping (cardiac output) throughout the organs.

- The volume (amount) of blood is reduced. This can be caused by severe bleeding (wound tear, excessive menstrual / abnormal), diarrhea that is not quickly resolved, excessive sweating, urination or excessive urination.

- The capacity of the blood vessels. Dilation of blood vessels (dilation) causes decreased blood pressure, this is usually as a result of septic shock, exposure by heat, diarrhea, drugs vasodilators (nitrates, calcium inhibitors, ACE inhibitors).


Handling and Treatment of Low Blood

There are several things you can do to improve the condition of lace blood pressure (hypotension), among others:

- Drinking water in considerable amounts of 8 to 10 glasses per day, an occasional cup of coffee to spur increased heartbeat so that the blood pressure will increase

- Eating foods that contain adequate levels of salt

- Exercise regularly such as walking in the morning for 30 minutes, at least 3x a week can help reduce the onset of symptoms

- In women who are encouraged to wear elastic stockings

- Provision of medicines (increasing blood) can only be done if symptoms of hypotension that felt really disrupt daily activities, other than that doctors will only provide vitamins (suport / placebo) as well as some suggestions that can be done for patients.

Regarding the image that most people think that eating goat meat for patients with hypotension may increase blood pressure monitor is actually not clear, however justified if it would increase the content of hemoglobin (Hb) in blood. Once again it must be understood that the low blood pressure means the blood supply was not optimal throughout the body. Haemoglobin (Hb) is low means that the content of Hb as an oxygen binding substances in the blood has low levels that consequently the patient may pale (anemia), dizziness (oxygen in the transport / blood supply to the brain less), feel tired and so forth.

In the case of hypotension that is really required the administration of drugs, usually there are several types of commonly used drugs such as fludrocortisone, midodrine, pyridostigmine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), caffeine and erythropoietin.

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Some causes of secondary hypertension

About 90% of hypertensive patients, no known cause and circumstances are referred to as essential hypertension or primary hypertension. Essential hypertension is likely to have many causes, some changes on the heart and blood vessels may contribute to increased blood pressure.

If the cause is unknown, it is called secondary hypertension. In about 5-10% of patients with hypertension, the cause is kidney disease. And about 1-2%, the cause is a hormonal disorder or the use of certain drugs (such as birth control pills). Another rare cause of hypertension is Phaeochromocytoma, namely tumor on the adrenal gland that produces hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Overweight (obesity), an inactive lifestyle (exercise lazy), stress, alcohol or salt in food, can trigger the occurrence of hypertension in people who have a sensitivity derivative. Stress tends to cause increased blood pressure for a while, if the stress has passed, then the blood pressure usually returns to normal.

Some causes of secondary hypertension :

1. Kidney Disease
Renal artery stenosis
Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Tumor
Polikista
Trauma
Radiation therapy

2. Hormonal Disorders
Hiperaldosteronisme
Cushing's syndrome
Phaeochromocytoma

3. Drugs
Pill
Corticosteroids
Cyclosporine
Erythropoietin
Cocaine
Alcohol
Cinnamon (in a very large amount)

4. Other Causes
Koartasio aorta
Preeclampsia in pregnancy
Acute intermittent porphyria
Acute lead poisoning
The majority of people with moderate to severe blood pressure could not say when their blood pressure becomes high. In fact, about a third of people with hypertension are unaware of their circumstances. If symptoms begin to appear, the patient may experience chest pain (angina), shortness of breath or other symptoms associated with heart disease or damage to the underlying.

In most people with hypertension do not cause symptoms, even if by accident some of the symptoms can appear simultaneously and reliably associated with high blood pressure (hypertension).

Symptoms are:
Headache
Bleeding from the nose
Dizziness
Facial redness and fatigue
But that does not mean someone with the symptoms above certainly suffer from high blood pressure (hypertension), because the symptoms above are not only can occur in patients with hypertension, but also can occur in people with normal blood pressure.

If severe or chronic hypertension and untreated, can develop the following symptoms:
Headache
Fatigue
Nausea
Throw up
Blown
Nervous
The view is blurred due to the presence of damage to the brain, eyes, heart and kidney
Sometimes patients with severe hypertension has decreased consciousness and even coma because of brain swelling. This is called hypertensive encephalopathy, which require immediate treatment.

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